Save the Arts :: essays research papers

Within the past few years, the government has been taking major(ip) strides to improve the education system by increasing the funding for our school systems and programs. They argon increasing the school?s funding by taking remote the funds from the art, dance, and theatre classes, among other programs. As a student raised in the atmosphere of the humanities and a student now majoring in theatre, I feel very strongly that the government is making a major mistake by taking money away from the arts.The arts should be support because children earn a great deal of self-confidence by being involved in the arts. The children?s self-confidence level is increased through the arts because children are more free to express how they really feel in any and all situations. In the completion of a project, generally there allow be some sort of reward, whether applause or recognition for a job well done. The rewards make children feel special, valuable, and important. All of the recognition and support that is reliable through the arts make it quite easy for a child to gain great self-confidence. The arts also help children to improve their social skills. organism involved in the arts teaches one teamwork. Through these fine art groups and activities one will learn to do their best as an individual, yet bewilder together with others in order to put on the best show possible. Teamwork is a great way to teach a child the social skills which indeed, are needed to carry them through life. Children involved in the arts learn a great sense of responsibility. Children are already responsible for a divide in school, but when they are involved in the arts, not only do they have to make fourth dimension for homework, but also make time for their lessons and rehearsals that go along with being involved in the arts. These children work hard, and are pushed to be all they can be, and they truly learn what it is like to be responsible.Children in the arts learn three of lives most i mportant skills self-confidence, social skills, and a sense of responsibility. These skills cannot be taught in a class or out of a book, but one must learn it for themselves by taking part in something that teaches them these skills.

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Essay -- ADD Childhood C

ADHD, a disorder beginning in childhood, characterized by a unappeasable inability to sitstill, focus attention on specific tasks, and control impulses, contributed by Michael Woods toMicrosoft Encarta Encyclopedia. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is one of the most crude mental disorders of childhood. Many children grow out of ADHD by adolescent oradult years, but many do not. Studies show ADHD in adulthood is more severe and may causelong term effects. Diagnosing ADHD is very difficult, because most children are inattentive, hyperactive, andimpulsive at to the lowest degree some of the time. When diagnosing there is no blood test, or written test todetermine if ADHD is present. All there is are guidelines and an educated guess. The guidelinesinclude, A disturbance of at least six months during which at least eight of the following arepresent 1. often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat 2. has difficulty remaining seated when required to do s o 3. is easily distracted by extraneous stimuli 4. has difficulty awaiting turn in games or group situations 5. often blurts out answers to questions before they have been completed 6. has difficulty following through on instructions from others 7. has difficulty sustaining attention in tasks or play activities 8. often shifts from one uncompleted activity to another 9. has difficulty playing quietly 10. often talks excessively 11. often does not front to listen to what is being said to him or her 13. often loses things necessary for tasks or activities at school or at home ( e.g.. pencils ) 14. often engages in physically dangerous activities without considering possible consequences ( not for thrill seeking purposes ) e.g.. runs into the street without lookingThe above items are listed in descending order of discriminating power base on data fromnational field trial of the DSM-III-R criteria for Disruptive Behavior Disorders, contr ibuted Sam& Michael Goldstein to Managing Attention Disorders in Children page11. In order to diagnoseADHD, these symptoms must amount more frequent than children of the same age and must occurin more than one sitting. 90% of ADHD patients take Ritalin, a mild profound nervous arranging stimula... ...illness, itis very hard to diagnose and is very frustrating for an ADHD parent. ADHD is usually controlledby Ritalin, a mild nervous system stimulant. Due to the fact that there is no true way to determineADHD, it is often a misdiagnosis of a child acting like a child. industrial plant Cited ADD, What causes ADD?, 1997, Netscape navigator 22 November /page_341_826.asp. ADD/ADHD, Diagnosing ADHD/ADD in Children 1999, Netscape Nvigator 22 November 1999. r/page_341_822.asp. ADHD Medications, Are Medicines OK for My Child? 1998, Netscape Navigator 22 November 1999, . Corley, Gwendolyn, interview, Decem ber 9,1999 Flick, Grad L. Ph.D ADD/ADHD Behavior-Change Resource Kit West Nyack, New York 1998 Glodstein, Sam and Michael, Managing Attention Disorders in Children. Canada 1990 John Wiley and Sons Inc.

The Internet: Few Rules and No Ethics Essay -- The Wild Wild West, 201

Laws regulate what we do in our everyday life. These rules, however can not keep up with technology. Laws existing to regulate the internet atomic number 18 few and difficult to enforce. A crackdown on internet misuse has begun with the creation of filtering software and the prosecutions of internet offenders. Issues such as child pornography and seducing children over the internet, the downloading and manipulation of copyrighted files and images, and the sharing or accessing of peoples private and personal information are just round of the ethical challenges we face in cyberspace. According to Maxwell Taylor and Ethel Quayle in Child Pornography An Internet Crime, individuals who are involved in the world of internet child pornography are escaping from their real world lives. The two authors interviewed 13 different convicted offenders in order to understand what happens in this fantasy world and wherefore so many are being lured in (victims, as well as offenders). Through their many conversations they discovered that there is a kind of participation created over the internet. One where adult males (and a few adult females) collect and trade pictures of kids and teenagers (of all ages, sometimes including babies) who are posing nude or regular involved in any sexual act with an adult. Most of these images are used for personal sexual gratification. There are some who use them like money to get more of these kinds of images, and like money in the physical world, the more you have the higher you are in status. The internet makes their interest promptly available, giving them access to this kind of information in massive amounts and in seconds. This underground world becomes an addiction, and often leads to interaction w... ...ng doing, that there is harm being caused, and that they are responsible for their actions is, in my opinion, the first step that needs to be taken to solve this ethical dilemma.Works CitedTaylor, Ma xwell and Ethel Quayle. Child Pornography An Internet Crime. vernal YorkBrunner & Routledge, 2003. Williamson, Larry and Eric Pierson. The Rhetoric of Hate on the Internet HatePornsChallenge to Modern Media Ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics. Volume 18, pp.256-267. Tompkins, Paula S. Truth, Trust, and Telepresence. Journal of Mass Media Ethics.Volume 18, pp.194-212. Kitross, Michael John and A. David Gordon. The academy and Cyberspace Ethics. Journal of Mass Media Ethics. Volume 18, pp. 286-307. Nissenbaum, Helen. Hackers and the Contested Ontology of Cyberspace. New Mediaand Society. April 2004 volume 16, pp. 195-217.

Consumer Equilibrium and the Law of Equi-Marginal Utility :: Business Economics

Consumer Equilibrium and the Law of Equi-Marginal UtilityIntroductionThe Law of Equi-Marginal Utility is an annex to the law of diminishing fringy utility. The principle of equi-marginal utility explains the behavior of a consumer in distributing his limited income among versatile goods and services. This law states that how a consumer everyocates his money income between various goods so as to obtain maximum satisfaction.AssumptionsThe principle of equi-marginal utility is based on the following assumptions(a) The wants of a consumer remain unchanged.(b) He has a fixed income.(c) The prices of all goods are given and known to a consumer.(d) He is one of the many buyers in the sense that he is powerless to alter the market price.(e) He empennage spend his income in small amounts.(f) He acts rationally in the sense that he want maximum satisfaction(g) Utility is measured cardinally. This means that utility, or use of a good, can be expressed in terms of units or utils. This u tility is not only comparable but alike quantifiable. article of beliefSuppose there are two goods x and y on which the consumer has to spend his given income. The consumers behavior is based on two factors(a) Marginal Utilities of goods x and y(b) The prices of goods x and yThe consumer is in counterweight position when marginal utility of money expenditure on each good is the same.The Law of Equi-Marginal Utility states that the consumer will distribute his money income in much(prenominal) a way that the utility derived from the last rupee spent on each good is equal.The consumer will spend his money income in such a way that marginal utility of each good is proportional to its rupee.The consumer is in equilibrium in respect of the purchases of goods x and y whenMUx =MUyWhere MU is Marginal Utility and P equals Price Px PyIf MUx / Px and MUy / Py are not equal and MUx / Px is greater than MUy / Py, then the consumer will substitute good x for good y. As a result the margina l utility of good x will fall.The consumer will continue substituting good x for good y till MUx/Px = MUy/Py where the consumer will be in equilibrium. Thus this is also known as the law of substitution.TableLet us illustrate the law of Equi-Marginal Utility with the help of a tableThe side table shows marginal utilities of goods x and y.

Technology in Greg Bears Blood Music Essay -- Blood Music Essays

engineering in Greg Bears Blood Music Different genres of literature are particular responses to federation therefore, hack, as a genre, is a response to our contemporary society, known as the information age. One of the attributes given the genre is that it has an apocalyptic or post-apocalyptic tone, warning the reader of the perils of technology, while at the aforementioned(prenominal) time celebrating the possibilities of technology, usually through a strong character in the novel. In Greg Bears Blood Music, technology is seen as having a destructive and creative forces as it reshapes the world biologically, and incorporates every living thing, including a slow girl named Suzy, into the system. Blood Music demonstrates the perils and benefits in a world full of diverse technology, typical of the cyberpunk genre, responding to frightening and powerful possibilities in the secrets of technology which are only if on the brink of discovery. First, a demonstration of the kind of technology available today would land to a better understanding of some of the biological possibilities. Already we can clone and manipulate individualist genes. We can replicate DNA patterns and build proteins. schooling is available at the touch of a button on the newest technology, so that it can be ingested by the younger generations just by browsing the Net. Also, the beginnings of nanotechnology, manipulating individual atoms to create new structures, is beginning to develop. James Graves wrote in a paper focused on the technological advances in our time, that nanotechnology, not too impertinent the theories behind Vergils experiments in Blood Music, would allow us to create tiny organisms that could display us more about ourselves, r... ...ction is a particular response to society, and our society is in the information age, then it is incredibly appropriate to include Blood Music to the genre when we are making biological leaps and bounds tod ay. Bear uses his characters to show that the effects may not be so bad for the individual, although technology will probably change the entire face of society as a whole. Perhaps someday cosmetic things will matter less, and we will be able to include a slow child into the ranks and make her feel whole, just like a part of each personal wants to feel at least normal, hopefully exceptional. Works Cited Bear, Greg. Blood Music. New York Ace Books, 1996. Graves, James C. Technology and Its Effect on Society. Online. Purdue Lib. Internet. 9 October 1997.(http//nonotech.rutgers.edu/nanotech/papers/graves.hist).

Technology in Greg Bears Blood Music Essay -- Blood Music Essays

Technology in Greg Bears Blood Music Different genres of literature are particular responses to parliamentary procedure therefore, cyberpunk, as a genre, is a response to our contemporary society, known as the information age. One of the attributes given the genre is that it has an apocalyptic or post-apocalyptic tone, warning the ref of the perils of technology, while at the same time celebrating the possibilities of technology, usually through a strong character in the novel. In Greg Bears Blood Music, technology is seen as having a destructive and creative forces as it reshapes the world biologicly, and incorporates every living thing, including a slow girl named Suzy, into the system. Blood Music demonstrates the perils and benefits in a world plenteous of diverse technology, typical of the cyberpunk genre, responding to frightening and powerful possibilities in the secrets of technology which are on the nose on the brink of discovery. First, a demonstration of the kind of technology available today would lend to a better understanding of some of the biological possibilities. Already we can clone and manipulate individual genes. We can take over DNA patterns and build proteins. Information is available at the touch of a button on the newest technology, so that it can be ingested by the younger generations just by browsing the Net. Also, the beginnings of nanotechnology, manipulating individual atoms to create new structures, is beginning to develop. James Graves wrote in a paper focused on the technological advances in our time, that nanotechnology, not too unlike the theories behind Vergils experiments in Blood Music, would allow us to create tiny organisms that could show us more about ourselves, r... ...ction is a particular response to society, and our society is in the information age, then it is incredibly appropriate to include Blood Music to the genre when we are making biological leaps and bounds today. Bear use s his characters to show that the effects may not be so bad for the individual, although technology will probably change the entire impertinence of society as a whole. Perhaps someday cosmetic things will matter less, and we will be able to include a slow tike into the ranks and make her feel whole, just like a part of each personal wants to feel at least normal, hopefully exceptional. Works Cited Bear, Greg. Blood Music. recent York Ace Books, 1996. Graves, James C. Technology and Its Effect on Society. Online. Purdue Lib. Internet. 9 October 1997.(http//nonotech.rutgers.edu/nanotech/papers/graves.hist).

“Oh the places you’ll go” Dr Seuss and The Road Not Taken Robert Frost Essay

Congratulations Today is your day. Youre off to Great Places Youre off and away.These opening lines mark the commencement of the imaginative journey through the knowledge domain created by Dr. Seuss in his picture book, Oh the Places Youll go ,an allegory of Life and its possibilities. Robert Frost also explores the same concept in his poem The road not Taken.It is give-up the ghost from both texts a journey of the imagination influences and shapes ones perspective of the world and often results in transformation.Oh the Places youll Go motivates personal maturement through gaining an rationality of the complexities of life, inspiring optimism and perseverance.The Road Not Taken however emphasizes the significance of decisions one makes in their life and how such decisions are the catalysts to the person they become.In the characteristic look of Dr. Seuss, oh the places youll go is written in rhyme with a light tone. The language is simple, utilizing many metaphors, both visual ly and written. The imaginative journey alludes to all aspects of life the positives through grinning purple elephants while the negatives are personified into Hakken Kraks. The author rejoices in everyones potential to fulfill their dreams Youll be on your way up / Youll be line up great sights While at the same time, he is realistic about the pitfalls of life grind on for miles across weirdish wild space, headed, I fear, toward a to the highest degree useless placeThis distinctive style with the balance of absurdity and the relative indifference to the philosophical message being unveiled is what heightens the books appeal to a large-minded audience. Hence the imaginative journey is not subject to age constraints and as a result, both young and old are able to experience growth or a change in their perspectives.Oh The Places Youll Go has no distinct characters, except for the direct address you, supported by a young figure, the significative of you who visually carries out th e imaginative journey, over colorful checkerboard landscapes, through mazelike streets. A direct personal link is established and the responder is able to literally perceive the imaginative journey. The Road Not Taken also achieves a personal connection through its style of first person, creating intimacy and the imagery of the road. From this we key the imaginative journey assists the reader in becoming personally involved with the text, the reader is able to engage with the story and hence draw insights and a great understanding of the issues.Despite Oh The Places youll Go portraying both the positive and negative aspects of life, the imaginative journey ends with a return to reality and the optimistic message, And will you keep up? Yes You will, indeed Although labeled with the warning to be dexterous and deft. And NEVER mix up your right foot with your left.In contrast to the enthusiastic tone of Dr. Seuss, The Road Not Taken, is contemplative and its message more cautious, t o think hard about any forks in the road, for it could make all the difference. He suggests that perhaps journeys start out no ending as way leads on to way, one choice is followed by another and it is simply impossible to recreate the past. Hence we can see how one can change as a result of an imaginative journey, even if there is not a destination.

The Harlem Renaissance and a New Cultural Identity

A New Cultural Identity By Anus amplify AkA Awesome, Cool, Brilliant and any other synonyms of these qualities Originally known as the New Negro Movement, the Harlem Renaissance was a period of immense social activity and peachy innovations among artist and writers. The feats name is derived from its origin Harlem New York. At this time Harlem became the Mecca to which scholars, writers, musicians and photographers traveled.African American migration to the northern states played a major role in the initiation of this keen movement which harbored and preserved a new black cultural identity in multiple aspects. Prolific writers such as Longboats Hughes influenced many poets. The improvisation of recognize and its syncopated rhythms was popularized by Jazz legends such as Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong. The Harlem Renaissance began in the late sasss after World War II. However much of the foundation of this movement was established by earlier generations of African American e ducators, students, and intellectuals.In the decades following the Civil War, multiple racial barriers to education were removed and African Americans took advantage of the new educational opportunities in prodigious numbers. Due to the harsh aspects of the Jim Crow laws in the south (which contained approximately 90 percent of the Black population at the time) and the discrimination and mistreatment that followed, African American individuals migrated to the urban northern states to escape the oppressive system of the rural south where they were able to find work.Some of the most prominent works created during this era were in the field of literature. Longboats Hughes was the epitome of prolific writers and a leader of the Harlem Renaissance. He is best known for his pomes which he wrote with the rhythmic pattern of Jazz and blues which influenced many poets. Hughes starting signal book of poetry, The Weary Blues, was published in 1926. The book was very popular and established bo th his poetic style and his commitment to black themes and culture. Hughes skillful drop of words to portray African American heritage played a major ole during this era.No aspect of the Harlem Renaissance shaped the United States as much as Jazz. Jazz flouted many musical conventions with its syncopated rhythms and improvised instrumental solos. Thousands of city dwellers flocked night after night to see the same performers. Singers such as Bessie smith and Billie Holiday popularized blues and Jazz vocals. Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong drew huge audiences as white Americans caught Jazz fever. For the first time white Americans could not look away.The Harlem Renaissance was a major period in American history. The northward migration by African Americans to escape white supremacy in the rural south played a major role in the ignition of this intellectual movement. Its origin Harlem, brought notice to great works that might have otherwise been lost. Writers of this era such as Longboats Hughes were extremely influential and Jazz legends Duke Elongating and Louis Armstrong took this form of art characterized by improvisation and syncopation to new levels of innovation.

Mortgage

The the Statesn consumer has now gotten himself into trouble by simply living beyond his means. This is nonhing new in America as only 2% of those who argon set to retire at age 65, possess profuse in their savings and investments to fill the same exemplar of living that they once knew when they were littleer. (Saft 2007 pg. C3) Credit card debt is skyrocketing and tidy sum can regain no light at the end of the tunnel except for filing bankruptcy. What has been in the news recently and has shown how c arless the American consumer can be is the number of foreclosures from supreme owes lease g unity through the roof and is to the degree that the declension break through bequeath likely result, and has already resulted in, effecting other sectors in the United States economy.There has been reported some relief as the Federal Reserve, on September 18th, announced that interest evaluate would be cut. This is only a short term resolution and the % that it will likely be cut , will not bring enough relief to the wiz million millions of Americans who bought a more expensive firm than they could support. (Stempel, 2007) The predatory pr feignices of lenders across the country have added to this as well. Sub peak mortgages give out with mortgages that were given to people with less than perfect credit scores who do not have to show to the same extent, financial proof that they can afford to pay the add that they are applying for in order to buy their dream house. The fall out has occurred and will continue to occur as millions of people are in peril of losing their homes.The existence of the torpedo uncreated mortgage is important to note as well. Even at a conservative interest rate, a 30 social class fixed mortgage, a lender will make on average, close to $200,000 on a $100,000 loan. (Rudd, 2007) Those that have the money to lend, will make a huge deal of money in their return. The take in is high for homes as it is an important aspect of th e American dream to own a home. However, many Americans suffer from unretentive credit scores as a result of past elevations which had not been paid or past loans which had not been honored.As a result, this hurts the singles credit score the approximately important humanity of information that will help a lender to decide if giving a loan to the item-by-item will constitute a risk to the lender. The lender is in the business of modify money and does not want to be in the necessary maculation to repossess ones home. An individual(a) with a low credit score and who was not able to prove that they had the necessary income to support their periodic mortgage payment, was denied the loan. This was for the protection of the lender as well as the borrorrer. These were the self imposed rules with the lending industry followed.Now, things have mixtured. There is so much money to be made in the lending grocery when good loans are made, that lenders are now playing on the lust that Americans have to own a home. This is not a lust to just own a home, but rather to own the largest and grandest home possible. The individual will not correctly study his cypher to see the amount of a mortgage which he would afford and thinks with his heart and not his wallet.Also, the existence adjustable rate mortgages of ARMS mortgages which are advantageous to the individual when the interest rate is low but which will rise, sometimes exponentially when the Federal Reserve raises the interest rate in order to stabilize the economy. In recent months, the interest rate has deputizejoind and in that locationfore, mortgages which commanded an $800 a month payment, can now comfortably exceed $1100, depending on the initial interest rate which the individual was able to secure. (Seiders 2007 pg. 3)As a result, those individuals who have figured in any case closely, their budget and never real numberly were in the position to buy a $200,000 home, default on their loan. Two miss ed payments and the foreclosure process begins. Full payment of the missed months, along with interest and penalty rates is what is needed for the individual to become up to appointee on his loan.For millions of people this decade, that has never come to fruition and not only are their homes lost, their credit is ruined for the succeeding(a) 7-10 familys to such(prenominal) an extent that yet the most predatory lender would shy off from giving that individual a loan in the immediate future. Needless to say, this effects those individuals who have no lost their homes, to a dizzying degree.However, there are other effects to the different sectors of the economy and the employees of these branches of the American work force who themselves, are not having a difficulty paying their mortgage and who though that they would never personally be effected from the sub prime mortgage if they were only smart enough to stay away from such predatory lenders. Such is not the case as so much of our economy is interchangeable and depends upon the success of the other. The fallout from the sub prime mortgage details such interdependence.One way in which the fallout from the sub prime market has usurped the economy is in the stock market. There have been a number of rattling large companies which had either been forced to lay off thousands of workers, or have simply filed for bankruptcy. On June 20, 2007, Merrill Lynch seized more than $800 million in assets from twain famous hedge funds that were previously involved in sub prime loans. (Saft, 2007 pg 4) Now, these funds are worthless on paper and their assets have now been depleted.American Home Mortgage Investment Corporation announced that it had suffered a billion dollar loss and that a proposed $4.9 billion deal with Radian Group, would no longer come to fruition. (* Myers, 2007) Also, just last month, Countrywide, the largest American lender, accounted that it was being forced to cut 12,000 jobs from its payroll as a result of the sub prime mortgage fall out.It was reported that a staggering 19% of the total number of loans fell under the sub prime category. (Myers, 2007) It should therefore be no surprise to Countrywide, as well as those who follow the mortgage industry, when they hear of such steep job cuts. This was one of the hardest blows to the American economy and effects the economy in three main areas.The first effect is the fact that 12,000 people lost their jobs. Some individuals, for example, John Bryne, had been employed at Countrywide for all over twenty years and now has lost a job and many companies will see him as too old to be hired. I do not know what I am going to do. I was planning to retire with Countrywide. I will try to start over and on my own.However, I do not know if I will be able to find people who I can trust to repay their loan. It is a yobbo blot. (Saft, 2007 pg.4) 12,000 people, along with the others who worked for lenders who are now out of business, ha ve suffered the same fate. This is the result of individuals who have taken out a loan that they never should have had in the first place. When a mortgage is foreclosed upon, it is not only the individual who losses.The lender looses tens of thousands of dollars, sometimes hundreds of thousands of dollars, on the life of the loan. Also, lenders who have what the Federal Reserve regards as too many defaulted loans, and that lender can be shut down and find themselves out of business. some other negative aspect to the loss of 12,000 jobs from Countrywide, as well as the other lost jobs in the lending institution is the effect that it has on the stock market. The stock market and the study of it is a very complex thing. many another(prenominal) times, a business can meet its quarter estimates and enjoy a steady profit its P/E ratio is superior to others in that ambit and yet their stock price continues to struggle and millions of dollars in investors money, is lost.All of the above m entioned factors are important factors in deciding if this is a stock which one should invest in. However, the Dow, NASDAQ and S &P are indexes which, to some degree, is based upon speculation and perception. On July 19, 2007 the Dow hit a record high of 14,000. By August 15th, the Dow had locomote below 13,000 and as a result, billions of dollars was lost. (wwwcbsmarketwatch.com) Such a decrease has happened before but such is rare. The current losses in the stock market cannot be considered a self imposed correction. It is a direct result from the mortgage crisis. (Rudd, 2007)The news of the sub prime mortgage meltdown has resulted in the average investor taking out millions of dollars of his own money. When there is an extended period of high levels of selling, this will lead to a bear market in which an extended bear market will often times lead to a recession. The current American economy is not there yet and the news that the Federal Reserve will cut interest rates will stem the tide of such things coming to reality. However, such negative news only hurts the economy as a whole and the major indexes can expect to take a major hit in the short as well as long term. This results in a depletion of billions of dollars of individuals hard earned money.A third way in which the sub prime mortgage fall out effects people who themselves are not in danger of defaulting on their loan, is the ways in which foreclosures preserve the quality abide bys of the homes within a neighborhood. For many individuals, their home will be the most expensive investment that they will ever make in their lifetime. When home owners feel that their property values are decreasing, often times, this will increase the rapidity in which they will seek to move.A decrease of 10% or redden 5% in the individuals property value is often times, enough of a stimuli to incite the individual to move. Those who cannot move or who cannot find a buyer for their homes, are stuck with the loss. H ow does this happen? There are many factors which appraisers take into effect when deciding a homes value. One of the important factors is the % of vacant ( foreclosed) homes in the neighborhood. Prospective new home buyers will be repointed away from such neighborhoods as it is a sign of an economically depressed neighborhood and the possibility of their own homes value increasing, is minimal. An average American will move at least 3 times in their life.That means, that there is a 66% notice that their home will be seen and apply as an investment as well as a home in which to live. A home bought at $100,000 with even the remotest possibility of one twenty-four hour period being valued at less than the purchase price, is often times enough of a reason not to buy that home and to generally steer clear of that neighborhood entirely or to rent for a longer period of time. This last aspect is detrimental to the city as the loss of property taxes hits the budget hard and impedes the services which the city is able to provide.The effect that the sub prime mortgage fall out has is mental as well as monetary. Many potential home buyers, those with superior credit, are simply postponing any purchases and is prompted to simply wait out the storm. Showings are down, contracts written are down and sellers are just as reared away as buyers are. This from Lou Barnes, a partner in mortgage banking with Boulder West Financial in Bouler, Colorado. Barnes continues to comment I think the psychological damage is worse than the financial damage which is already bad enough.Even for buyers who have plenty of cash can easily afford higher mortgage rates, the sudden change in the financing environment reduces the desire to buy a house unless you really have to. (Donn 2007 pg. 3) This idea goes back to the concept that a home purchase is seen as an investment as much as a domicile. The self imposed prevention of potential buyers who have superior credit scores to buy homes, hurts the local economy and the businesses in the area. The negative effects of the housing fall out are intertwined, one depending upon the other.Another way the sub prime mortgage affects the economy is in the fallout. Sub prime mortgages, in a utopian world, would give individuals a second change at improving their credit scores and disallowing their credit mistakes of the past, from preventing them from one day buying a house. Many times, credit problems occur when an individual is in college. Generally, the maturity needed to fully appreciate the concepts of long term results to their immediate actions are void in their mindset. Money is tight and credit cards are quickly available. As a result, many credit cards are charged to their limit until eventually the bill goes to collections and is reported to the credit bureau.Hopefully, that individual, upon graduating from college and being removed from the mooring for a couple of years, matures to the degree that such occurrences w ould never again happen. However, without the existence of a sub prime mortgage, that individual would not be allowed to buy a home for years until his or her credit score was improved to the new signposts of a 660 FICO score from a previous 620 guideline. (Saft, 2007 pg. 2)Those who bought their home at the beginning of the year and who had less than perfect credit with incomes on the brink of the cut off point for their mortgage, could not have bought a home any later. The same young couple who goes to buy a house six months from now when the new guidelines are put in place in order to help bend another fall out, will be forced to rent for another year or two before they can receive clearance for a loan.One of the most lasting as well as immediate effects upon the mortgage industry and those who depend upon it, are the lending practices. Economist discolouration Doms states The sharp rise in delinquency rates on sub prime residential mortgages has raised concerns about credit u nderwriting practices and economic distress among borrowers and has pinched the attention of policy makers at the Fed and elsewhere. (Doms 2007 pg. 3) This observation can equate to an effect upon possibly millions of Americans who were planning to buy a home in the next calendar year.This, as Mark Doms states, will have lasting effects. Two of the potential channels through which house price appreciation may affect the sub prime delinquency rate that we suggest, are the incentive to protect home equity associated with recent appreciation in house prices on the demand for housing. (Donn, 2007 pg. 3) Such observations will most likely come to fruition in the immediate future as it will be observed that the complete fall out from the sub prime mortgage crisis is yet to be fully realized.John Moutlon, former CEO of American Mortgage Group stated the mail service the best when he said It feels like this is just the eyeshade of the iceberg and no one knows how it will shake out. We ar e trying to anticipate guideline changes. (Myers, 2007)These are the real effects of the sub prime mortgage fallout in the ways that it affects the average American man and woman. As an example, the story of two families highlights the real results of the mortgage meltdown. The real story of the sub prime mortgage is the effect that it has on the economy when these loans, on a wide scale, default and millions of individuals are affected.The Laird Family in Central Illinois was a new couple just starting out. both parents worked but had modest jobs as the job market was not very strong in their area. The father, John was 25 and the mother Marie, was 23. They had a two year old child and were renting for the past 3 years together. Both had credit scores near 600 and their mortgage from a home that they were wanting to buy, would constitute 30% of their total monthly income. The price of the home was $140,000 with a $673 monthly mortgage payment. (Berry, 2007 pg C4) Their credit scores was not high and as a result, they were forced to pay a higher interest rate.However, they were sure that such a payment could be reached. They bought their home in May of 2007, just weeks before the mortgage meltdown. I cant believe the timing. I am so fortunate. We both have poor credit scores and I doubt that wed be able to secure a mortgage that was not sub prime (Berry 2007 pg. C4) states John Laird. Their story was an American success story. However, those who came after John and who found themselves in similar situations, were not so lucky.In Oakland, California where the median home price is more than $400,000, homes are hard come by for those who are not very rich and who either have great credit or can put down a sizable down payment. This was not the case for Hector Esperanza. He earned a nice living at the age of 30 but the time when he first came to America as a legal citizen, were not so smooth.He ran up one unpaid bill after another and routinely had bill collectors calling him. In the last 3 years, he cleaned up his act and remained current on all of his bills. He then wants to buy a house for what is in comparison, a low purchase price of $228,000. His credit score was 615 right on the cusp of the old requirements but now, as a result of the mortgage meltdown in which lenders are now very nervous to approve such high risk loans, Hector was denied. His monthly payments would only constitute 25% of his monthly income. However, with the advent of stricter lending policies, Hector was seen as too much of a high risk.The sad state of affairs is that Hector is no longer the exception. The housing market is revolved around timing. No where has this become truer than in at presents current housing market. However, prospective buyers are not interested in the appreciation in value that their homes could bring. Now, they are only wanting the chance to buy a home at all. (Stempel, 2007)As a result, there have come from this current situation, some real and sobering numbers which affect millions of people. When viewing these statistics, it would behoove the lending industry to realize that this equates into many individuals who are severely affected.The forecast for the 2007 Housing market is bearish at best. It is expected that there will be a decrease of 23% in single family home purchases. 22% decrease in the number of new homes being create and 44% of building companies reporting that their business has been affected in an adverse way and that 78% of the largest building companies have bee affected by the sub prime mortgage meltdown. 13% decline in the real Residential Fixed investment as well as a modest slippage in the real value of residential remodeling. (Christie, 2007) However, the full brunt of the sub prime mortgage meltdown, sadly, is yet to be realized. The flog may be on its wayThe current sub prime mortgage crisis is an example of how the few can ruin it for the many. Not everyone who has less than perfect credit would become a risk when buying a home. Everyone makes mistakes and those who have credit scores that are on the brink of the cut off, should be given the opportunity to own their own home.However, when lenders give $200,000 mortgage loans to individuals who have credit scores less than 550 and who clearly cannot afford the monthly payments, it ruins the entire housing market and hurts the potential and legitimate home buyers from owning a small piece of the American dream. Those people are now forced to rent. Less money is going to the city through taxes and a higher level of frustration is usual among millions of potential, first time home buyers who simply came to the table a few months too late.The sub prime market is relatively new and barely even existed just ten short years ago. The existence of the sub prime mortgage is a testament to the financial beliefs of the average American. Immediate gratification is what is normal and in buying the largest house, not because such extravagance is really needed but as a show of status is the motivation behind such purchases. The median home price in San Francisco is a staggering $1.1 million. (Donn 2007) The buyers of these home can be divided up into two distinct groups those who can easily afford such prices and those who will go bankrupt in the attempt to do so.For the latter group, up until recently, have had no problem finding lenders who are hungry for their business. The fall out has come and personal responsibility, both for the individual as well as the lender has finally come full clan and forced the members of Congress, the construction industry, real estate agents and prospective buyers have been forced to take notice.As it was stated earlier, many feel as though this is the tip of the iceberg and future problems are only around the corner. The fact that the Federal reserve on September 19th, 2007, announced that they were going to cut interest rates provides some solace to the current mortgage cr isis. Only time will tell if it will be too little and too late and what ageless changes will come out of this crisis in responsible lending practices.WORKS CITEDBerry, J Predatory Loan Practice Lead to Mortgage Fallout. Chicago Tribune caper September 1, 2007Christie, Les Subprime Blame Game www.cnnmoney.com Aired April 20, 2007Doan, Mark. Home Prices and Subprime Mortgage Delinquencies. The Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco www.frbsf.org Downloaded September 18, 2007Myers, J Subprime and Shockwaves Bloomberg TV Aired July 19, 2007Robb, G. Fraud in Subprime Loans www.cbsmarketwatch.com Retrieved September 17, 2007Saft, J. Subprime Mortgage rap tars Good Consumers, Economy. www.reuters.com Downloaded September 17, 2007Seiders, D. Fed Surveys Subprime Mortgage Effects. www.nbnnews.com/eyeonecon/issues/2007 Downloaded September 15, 2007Stempel, J. Countrywide Plunges on Downgrade. Bankrupcy feared. Reuters August 15, 2007Fed Cuts Interest Ratehttp//www.wbbm780.com/pages/962665.p hp?contentType=4&contentId=931793 Downloaded SepteMortgageThough experts recognize that the mortgage relief bill is not thorough, recognize that it remains the best latest attempt to address the current housing crisis facing the nation. A crisis that has continued to dominate the United States presidential debates as well as make it increasingly difficult for the homeowners to repay their loans. To understand the prescience of the crisis and the latest efforts to correct the situation, it is important to look at what mortgagee is and how it operates.Mortgage is simply the use of ones property to be security to a house loan. A mortgage transfers the legal rights of ownership to the pledged property to the lender in case the payments are not made as per the agreed terms. Such a loan is made in the understanding that the security shall revert back to the owner once the terms of have been fulfilled. To most people, mortgage is associated with real estates. It is a contract that involve s a number of legal participants among them landowners who is referred to as the mortgagee and the borrower who is the mortgagor.Another term that comes into play in the mention of mortgage is foreclosure. Foreclosure simply refers to a situation where a lender terminates the contract after the failure of the mortgagor to stand by the agreement terms. This is usually in the counselling of a court order. In foreclosure, a bank or any other financial institution that extends credit facilities repossesses a property if the homeowner is unable to comply with mortgage requirements (Carmen & Rogoff 12). presently there exists a subprime mortgage crisis in the United States. This is a crisis that can be evidenced by a liquidity problem existing in banks after a high default rate in mortgages leading to foreclosures. The current mortgage crisis is seen to have largely been caused by subprime lending which simply is the act of advancing loans to individuals whose creditworthiness is uncerta in or wanting due to a low income. It is this subprime lending that contributed to the bulk of the total foreclosures in 2007, over 43%,despite the fact subprime lending were only 6.8% of all lending in that year (Stokes & Mechem).The current economic recession in the united state has tarnished Bushs presidency with most tracing a link to the hefty spending in the war. Bush insists that the slump is a s result of the mortgage crisis. That aside, he has received commodious criticism for how he has handled the crisis and for not coming up with any concrete plans to ease the situation. He is also accused of standing by the big corporations kinda of helping the low income group deeply embroiled in the crisis.This is a result of his stand in opposing the mortgage relief bill, a bill that has recorded considerable gains in the house. Though the bill has its flaws, it is seen as a reprieve to millions of homeowners who continually face the risk of foreclosure. The mortgage relief bill is aimed at providing tax reprieve to homebuilders. The local judicatures will be funded to rehabilitate deserted homes. Those that oppose the bill claim it is wrong spirited and will set a bad precedence of forcing one neighbor to pay for the mistakes of another (Anderson)Bush is opposed to the bill referring to it as a bail out. Some Republicans see it as forcing the 95% of homeowners that did it right to pay for the 5% that got it wrong.It is important to note though that the bill will pave way for a possible highroad to recovery and will go along way in preventing a further economic slump. Economists warn that if the situation is not arrested in time, it would degenerate to the worst debacle for the housing and the banking industries.It is apparent that the nation is reeling from the effect of a mortgage crisis that has been caused by increase in foreclosures as a result of subprime lending. Though the government is yet to come up with a comprehensive plan to arrest the situatio n, the mortgage relief act is seen as a step towards the right direction and might go a long way in easing the pressure off the homeowners and builders through a tax break.Works CitedAleis Stokes &John Mechem. Delinquencies and Foreclosures growth in Latest MBA National Delinquency Survey. Mortgage Bankers Association, 12/6/2007. Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http//www.mbaa.org/NewsandMedia/PressCenter/58758.htmScott Anderson. Bush administration opposes Democrats mortgage relief bill. CNN.com Edition. sit April 26, 2008. Retrieved on 13th May 2008 from http//www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/04/26/house.mortgage/Carmen M. Reinhart and Kenneth S. Rogoff . Is the 2007 U.S. Sub-Prime Financial Crisis So Different? An International Historical Comparison.. Analysis of Harvard economists. February 5, 2008, 12

PR Crisis Case Studies in Real Time

Open any public relations textbook and the section on crisis management will include examples of how organisations ask demonstrated best or worst practice. And, its not save the textbooks, as recent incidents (eg Tiger Woods or Toyota) have seen plenty of advice from PR experts through online and social media. But, fitting as with the dead tree versions, these case studies are simplistic fictions. Heroes and villains are the main narrative, with a modernist approach reinforcing a recommended crisis management strategy.Theres just one focal point to communicate during a crisis regardless of the organisation, the situation, the social context or the significance of the incident. This is the Tylenol way presented as the right approach thank to the swift action taken by Johnson & Johnson. The reality (as previously clarified at PR Conversations as a misleading myth) isnt allowed to get in the way of the lesson. After all, it promotes a way that PR, and organisational management, ca n be in control and preserve reputation through a few simple steps. both case study reinforces the mantra Exxon Valdez is presented as the epitome of poor crisis management too slow to respond. Likewise Coca Cola and the Belgium mass hysteria case. Whilst the Pepsi needle in a can crisis is hailed, Perriers benzene example is amateurised. The nature of textbooks is that authors synthesise cases into easy to understand advice that students can repeat in assignments, and practitioners can recall if they ever so find themselves handling a crisis. Its a comfort blanket of how to, what not to do, common mistakes and miracle cures.In the social media world of 247 global connections, the right way is repeated only at warp speed. Tell it fast becomes tell it before you know anything. Tell it all inwardness let the media and its rent-a-quote experts speculate ab protrude worst case scenarios. Be open means unlimited social media engagement (regardless of what the legal or other ramifica tions whitethorn be). Have the CEO (or celebrity if a personal faux pas has occurred) lead communications with mandatory appearances on chatshows, a tour of news stations, and a YouTube apology.Mea culpa the frequent panacea Im sorry if anyone resisting the calls is bullied until they comply. The pound of flesh must be paid. They have to apologise publicly even if whats occurred is a military issue of private relations or affects only a few people who could be communicated with directly, where contrition would be far more sincere and genuine. Everyone is a critic retweeting endlessly, without checking the veracity of any source. Citizen journalism enables individual examples to be retold and extrapolated, without any attempt at verification if used by journalists and treated as absolute feature by social media networks.Crisis case studies in real time seem little different to those that have been carefully crafted for retelling in the textbooks. There is little order of the public relations profession reflecting or considering how cases could be handled differently in a post-modernist, complex and chaotic world. A few authors, such as diffuse Gilpin and Priscilla Murphy (Crisis Communications in a Complex World), challenge the simplification of turbulent reality.Isnt it time that their views were at least presented alongside the only way propaganda that is taught on PR courses and espoused in both academic and practitioner texts? And even more important shouldnt more of us be speaking out against those PR and media experts influencing public and client expectations with naive views based on an unrealistic belief that all crisis situations can be easily managed and controlled? Lets have more real life PR case studies that actually reflect the real time nature of managing contemporary crises. And we all might learn something new.

Benefits to Organisations from Cloud Computing

Benefits of Organization From Cloud Computing - ABSTRACT In recent years, m any organizations benefit from sharp development of befog computing in legal injury of scalability, agility, automation and resource sharing. Especi in ally for IT departments, besmirch computing afford the most innovative technologies and resources for them to focus on applications development, which are the most beneficial for organization business. On the other hand, the Capital & Operational cost screwing be reduced accordingly because of sully platform.Many IT giants such(prenominal) as Microsoft, HP and Dell lead invested billions in developing swarm platform and cloud computing research. This paper reviews the concept of cloud computing and its state of the art, and concluded the benefits to organizations in vistas of packet as a table service (SaaS), infrastructure as a service (IaaS), and infocentre as a service (DaaS). Keywords cloud computing, bundle as service, architecture as a servic e, informationcentre as a service Introduction The marge cloud is used to represent the computer network of the internet.It depicts a diagram as the computer network is skilful like the cloud which is linked to every client via internet. With the support of high performance server, each whiz client is open to access their work files remotely and process them with forbidden preinstalling special applications. Because of the development of virtualisation, end-users give notice work with their clients such as netbook, smart mobile or laptop in anywhere as the equal as work in local as long as the internet is available.This paper work aims to explain the concept of cloud computing in state of the art and to discuss how organizations benefit from cloud computing in perspectives of SaaS, IaaS and DaaS, and prospective research is concluded in the end. Background In the word of McCarthy reckoning may someday be organized as a public utility. The idea of cloud computing has been first opined in the 1960s. after then, Douglas Parkhill (1966) has thoroughly explored most all the modern-day characteristics of cloud computing in areas such as infinite supply, elastic proviso, online etcetera nd compared them to the electricity industry in his book, The challenge of the calculating machine Utility. Meanwhile, other researchers were also proposing their ideas about cloud computing, the scientist Herb Grosch even postulated that in future the entire world communication work would be back up by about 15 huge data centres. Between the sixties and nineties, with the evolution of WEB 2. 0 being developed, the internet has started to offer a prodigious bandwidth which sharply increases the speed of cloud computing development. The first milestone was the arrival of Salesforce. om in 1999, which is the pioneer of creating a concept of running application over internet. It paved the way for two(prenominal) academia researches and industry professionals to deli ver applications via internet which is the fountainhead of cloud computing development. The second milestone was Amazon Web Services in 2002, which offered a set of services such as storage and remotely computation base on the cloud through the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Later then in 2006, a commercial web service called Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) was launched by Amazon to run personal and specific applications for both individual and small and medium size of it enterprise.In 2009, another milestone came as the WEB 2. 0 hit its stride, pioneers such as Google started to offer browser- ground services and applications via internet, so called Google Apps. This is decisive for users running reliable and easy-to-consume applications from leading technology giants such as Microsoft and Google. To date, many experts seem to agree that cloud computing understructure bring wonderful benefits for business organizations and will ultimately transform the computing landscape. Even though the re are still a lot of issues such as warrantor, data privacy, network performance and economics which need to be concerned.Cloud Computing Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualisation, service-oriented architecture, autonomic, and utility computing. The term in the cloud indicates that end-users are no longer needed to be expertise, well trained in using computer, and even some of the cases have pointed out that future personal computer can be hard drive-less and web-browser only. To understand this in general, cloud computing is able to deliver services such as computation, software, data access and storage ver internet without requiring end-user information of physical location and configuration. Categories of Cloud Computing Cloud computing is able to offer several services, which can be categorized into different classes. The most prevalent classes are Software as a Service (SaaS), infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) and Datacentre as a Ser vice (DaaS). Software as a Service (SaaS) Software as a Service submits pre-built application services with none of little customization such as ERP and CRM over the internet to the end user for dealing with complex business missions.As the most important and popular application service in cloud computing, it simplifies IT support and management by eliminating the need to install and run individual applications on PC. Most of the software are available to updated automatically through provision of the service supplier, and because of the centrally management, the need for maintenance and support can be removed as well. Infrastructure as a Service Infrastructure as a Service renders a service over the internet for orienting computing resources such as hardware, networking components, data storage and servers.It is parallel to the Software as a Service in simplifying the management of computing components, the need of in-house datacentre can be removed, and the networking equipment can be eliminated as well. Form perspective of organizations, Infrastructure as a service is able to offer great elasticity and flexibility for scaling computing equipment whenever they are needed. Datacentre as a Service Datacentre as a Service, as a cousin of Software as a Service, can provide needs to the end-users regardless of geographical or organizational separation of supplier and consumer.Those needs can be classified into both software and data. Traditionally, enterprises require self-contained repository for storing and organizing data of business, meanwhile there are certain specific software should be available for them accessing the data. Therefore, the concept of datacentre as a service is created for bundling both the needed data and software to interpret into a single package which can be offered to the enterprises at once. The most benefits of this paradigm to organizations are effective reducing of the data cost and usage of the specific software. Benefits to or ganisationCloud computing offers a set of advantages to business organizations in many aspects. Traditionally, organizations require enormous budget for the procurement of hardware capacity with great cost potential and the recruitment of a big quantity of staff for managing equipment and running applications in order to deliver big project. Cloud computing revealing is significantly contri simplying on work the existing issues, it allows end-users to access the hardware and software facility wherever and whenever without pre-built applications, local administration and hardware capacity.The costs can be sharply reduced because of the centrally management of the provider. The most significant benefits are * Cost. The expense is always one of concerns while investing and developing an in-house infrastructure, especially for large business organizations. Cloud computing is able to remove the most of cost which spent on purchasing IT equipment, software and maintenance, and organizati on can therefore pay as they consume. * Reliability. In cloud computing, virtual servers as provided services for organizations instead of physical servers, and this solution is beneficial for the organizations in reliability.If the server or any hardware component is not able to perform their duty properly, the transition can sassily be deployed to any other available server. It creates a significant flexibility for server maintenance. * Manageability. The hardware and other IT facilities can be centrally management by provider, and this renders a great comfort for organization IT department in supporting and implementing. Maintenance is removed because the end-users can but access their data and applications via user interface without pre-installation.Therefore, IT resources and capacity can be relocated and supplementd for focusing on innovation and core competencies. Nevertheless, besides those main advantages of cloud computing, there are many specific benefits to organizatio ns in perspectives of software as a service, infrastructure as a service and database as a service. In perspective of software as a service As described in previous chapter, Software as a Service provides pre-built application services with none of little customization such as ERP and CRM over the internet to the end user for dealing with complex business missions.Its benefits to organizations can be discussed form both aspects of consumer and provider. For the consumer * Time of development is reduced. As opposed to a phased implementation which may takes months, the duration can be decreased as potentially minutes. * No software installation and maintenance. The software application will be raw(a) edge and updated automatically by provider. * Global availability. Traditionally, software functions are available on-premise based on organizations IT capacity. Now they are functional outside of premise and anywhere on the internet natively. * Service level agreement (SLA) adherence. Once the software incurs any bugs or errors while running applications, the provider will be noticed immediately and able to fix them in minutes with limited expense. * Constant, smaller and upgrades. With SaaS provider can constantly maintain performance of application and provide continuously application experiences. * Redistribute IT budget. Organization can focus on core competencies by outsourcing software functionality to a provider. This strategy can flat out save the cost of infrastructure requirements and IT personnel knowledge demands. For the provider * Aggregate operating environment.As a provider, the highest authority of domain management is decisive for accessing data and fixing problems. Therefore, provider is no longer required to send technicians to customize software or applications based on demands of clients, the configuration can be remotely set up in central management. Hereby the effects such as financial savings, time savings and labour savings are beneficia l to the provider. * Predictable revenue stream. The provider is able to easily calculate the usage of clients for predictably management of the stay on resources based on subscription model (Pay as they go). Focus on smaller improvements instead of monster patch rollouts. As providers, the concerns such as rollout logistics across all their clients sites and duplication of issues fixing or configurations can be removed. Providers can focus on fixing core application functionality and enhancing features in smaller incremental rollouts. In perspective of infrastructure as a service Infrastructure as a service is one of the main categories of cloud computing service. Its benefits to organization can be concluded below * Allows IT to shift focus.Because of the quick availability provided by infrastructure as a service, organization hereby can leverage and accent mark on core competencies in bringing innovations in solutions. * Flexibility infrastructure. Each component in architectur e can play a piece as a service such as hardware as a service, storage as a service, server as a service etc. * Utility service. The service model running by Infrastructure as a service is pre-paid/pay as go subscription based model. This model allows provider effectively manage resources and capacity for leasing. Multiple tenets. Infrastructure as a service allows multiple users to access the resembling infrastructure. * Investment cap. Small and medium size companies with limited capital for investing in IT equipment can take advantage of the resource from provider. * Measureable cost. Infrastructure as a service usage can be measured and priced based on what have been used and when they have been used. * Green IT. Centrally management and outsourcing can reduce environment effect with IT resources and systems. In perspective of datacentre as a serviceDatacentre as a Service, as a cousin of Software as a Service, can provide needs to the end-users regardless of geographic or org anizational separation of provider and consumer. Those needs can be classified into both software and data. Its benefits to organization can be listed below * prodigal execution. Due to centrally management offered by database, end-users are no longer requiring to purchase, install, maintain or upgrade software applications locally. The on-demand model of data as a service is not only used to remove the demands on IT department, but also enabling business analysts to access their data and analysis.This allows IT department can leverage resources to focus on core competencies. * Emphasis on innovation, not infrastructure. For big enterprises, data as a service can be used for cutting their cost of keeping their existing data warehouse or database up and running, and enterprises therefore will be able to focus on innovation earlier than organizational infrastructure. The saved cost of originally maintain and upgrading system can be invested on developing and executing business decis ions. * Low cost. As the same as the service provided by IaaS, the on-demand model is applied in data as a service as well.Organizations can consume data functionality based on their usage (pay as they go), and the time when resources have been used is measureable for pricing. * World-class security. The security of the data has been discussed as one of main concerns for many years since the service of outsourcing data is provided. For cloud computing, data as a service ensures organizations data is protected with first class despite in terms of physical security, data encryption, user authentication or application security. ConclusionAs discussed in this paper, cloud computing as a cutting edge concept which is proposed and developed in this era, and sure as shooting offers a set of significant benefits to business organizations. It is not only a leading technology for optimizing existing organization IT performance, but also a future development of organization movements. Form th e perspectives of cost saving, resources relocating and distributing, and labour productivity improving, organization can be enormously beneficial by adopting cloud computing as one of the decisive role in IT development.This paper has reviewed the concept of cloud computing and produced a state of the art understanding in terms of software as a service, infrastructure as a service and data as a service. Those three main categories of cloud computing services have been articulated deeply as well. The core purpose of this paper is to analyse the benefits to organizations from cloud computing, specifically in aspects of software as a service, infrastructure as a service, and data as a service. These main advantages offered by cloud computing have been discussed from both technological and business point of view.The trend of cloud computing has been concluded in the end. Nevertheless, cloud computing is continually developing and it will indeed bring more magnificent benefits not only to organizations but also in other aspects. The services provided by cloud computing such as Software-as-a-service, infrastructure-as-a-service and database-as-a-service are just the pioneers in cloud computing development. base on requirements of end-users and business organizations in data processing, there will be more services unveiled in cloud computing to meet those demands and provide more comprehensive supports for both providers and end-users.Even in other areas such as building construction, manufacturing, education, and entertainment, cloud computing is also playing a vital role of productivity role. Its main strengths such as functionality, flexibility and sustainability will be significantly beneficial to those organizations, and those benefits will be explored from future research. * References 1) Gruman, Galen (2008-04-07). What cloud computing unfeignedly means. InfoWorld. Retrieved 2009-06-02. 2) Cloud Computing Defined 17 July 2010. Retrieved 26 July 2010. 3) Buy ya, Rajkumar Chee Shin Yeo, Srikumar Venugopal (PDF).Market-Oriented Cloud Computing Vision, Hype, and Reality for Delivering IT Services as Computing Utilities. Department of Computer Science and Software 4) Defining Cloud Services and Cloud Computing. IDC. 2008-09-23. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 5) Security of virtualization, cloud computing divides IT and security pros. Network World. 2010-02-22. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 6) Zissis, Dimitrios Lekkas (2010). Addressing cloud computing security issues. Future Generation Computer Systems. 7) Finland First Choice for Siting Your Cloud Computing Data Center.. Retrieved 4 August 2010. 8) Cloud Net Directory.Retrieved 2010-03-01. Cloudbook. net. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 9) IBM, Google Team on an try Cloud. May 2008. Rich Miller Retrieved 2010-04-01. DataCenterKnowledge. com. 2008-05-02. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 10) Duffy, Jim (2009-05-12). Cisco unveils cloud computing platform for service providers. Infoworld. com. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 11) The Eme rging Cloud Service Architecture. Aws. typepad. com. 2008-06-03. Retrieved 2010-08-22. 12) VOGELS, W. A Head in the Cloudsthe Power of Infrastructure as a Service. In First workshop on Cloud Computing and in Applications (CCA 08) (October 2008). 13)

Engineering Drawing Short Questions

Define engineering cast offing. Why heaveing is called universal language of engineers? autonomic nervous agreement1-A drawing worn-out by an engineer having engineering knowl knock against for the drawing purposes is an engineering drawing. It is conceivet for communicating his ideas, thoughts and designs to former(a)s. Engineering drawing is a starting point of all engineering branches much(prenominal) as Mechanical, Production, Civil, Electrical, Electronics, Computer science, Chemical etcetera It is spoken, read, and written in its own way.Engineering drawing has its own grammar in the theory of forcing outs, its idioms in conventional practices, its punctuations in the types of bankers bills, its abbreviations, symbols and its descriptions in the constructions. Q2 identify different types of drawing instruments. Ans2 Drawing board, T-squ atomic number 18, Set Squ argon, home plates, Pencil and sand paper block, Drawing pins or cello-tape, Duster or handkerchief, era ser etc. Q3 Why pencil is rotated in finger duration drawing a long line? Ans3 The pencil is rotated in finger while drawing a long line in order to get a line of uniform dimness throughout.Q4 How exit you test the set squ argon and T-squ ar? Ans4 Testing of T-squ atomic number 18 (i) get wind all screw heads and tighten, if necessary (ii) In order to check the T-squ be, first of all draw a horizontal line. Now reverse the T-squ argon and again draw a horizontal line with working edge. If both the lines coincide with each former(a), then the working edge of Tsquare is alright. If there is a difference in both lines, then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error of the working edge. This error should be rectified by scraping the edge with a scraper or a sharp knife.Testing of set-squares The neatness of edges of the set-square provide be checked by drawing a plumb line line. Then reverse the set-square and draw again vertical line. If there is each difference among the 2 vertical lines then working edge is not correct and the line gives twice the error. This error can be removed by straightening the edges by means of a scraper or sand paper. Q5 What are the standard coats of drawing rags according to I. S. I. and which is adequate for drawing work? Ans5 The standard coat of mainsheets according to I. S. I. are A0(1189 X 841), A1 841 X 594), A2(594 X 420), A3(420 X 297), A4(297 X 210) and A5(210 X 148). Drawing sheet of size 594 X 420 i. e. A2 size is slackly use by engineering students as it is very handy and idle for drawing work in class. Q6 What are the ship canal of sharpening a pencil for good and accurate work and which type of pencil is more suitable for drawing work? Ans6 There are two ways of sharpening a pencil (i) a small piece of sand paper of zero grade, pasted upon a piece of wood. (ii) Sharpeners. Usually hard pencils such as H, 2H etc are used for making the engineering drawing.Q7 Why cello -tape is used instead of drawing pins, now a day? Ans7 Now a days, cello tapes are used in place of drawing pins for its practical convenience as the drafter, Tsquare and set-squares can be moved easily over the tape. Q8 What is layout of drawing sheet? Ans8 The pick of suitable exceed and allotment of proper space for margin, form of address block, separate list, revision panel, folding marks etc. on the drawing sheet is cognize as layout of drawing sheet. Q9 Why is the layout of sheet is necessary? Ans9 Layout of the drawing on the drawing sheet is necessary in order to make its reading easy and speedy.The title blocks, parts list etc willing provide all the required information. Q10 List out the contents of title block and material list Ans10 The title block should contain at least the following informations. (i) Name of the institution (ii) Name of title of drawing (iii) Name, Class and Roll no. of the student (iv) Scale (v) Drawing number (vi) Symbols denoting the me thod of projection Q11 What is the necessity of folding a drawing print? Ans11 Folding marks are made on the sheet to facilitate folding of prints for the purposes of filing and binding in the proper and easy manner.Q12 What do you mean by convention or code? Ans12 The delegacy of any(prenominal) matter by some sign or mark on the drawing is known as convention or code. The conventions make the drawing round-eyed and easy to draw. Q13 What do you understand by thickness of lines? Ans13 There are three distinct thickness of lines used in engineering drawing. These lines are stipulate as thick, medium and thin lines. The line specified as thick is usually 3 times thicker and the line specified as medium is 2 times thicker than a thin line. Q14 Where and why a incisive shave is force in a drawing?Ans14 The section shroud are generally perpendicular aeroplanes. The projection of a section plane, to which it is perpendicular, is a straight line. This line will be duplica te, perpendicular or prone to the x-y line. The issueting plane is drawn in a drawing to manifest the inner details of an aspiration. Q15 What is the necessity of convention breaks and convention of materials? Ans15 Long members of uniform cross-section such as rods, shafts, pipes etc. are generally take the standn in the middle by the conventional breaks so as to accommodate their sketch of whole length on the drawing sheet without reducing the scale.The exact length of the member is shown by the ratio. Q16 Why the conventional representation of parking area features are adopted on the drawing? Ans16 The conventional representation of common features are adopted on the drawing to save the unnecessary time or space on the drawing. Q17 What are the main requirements of garner? Ans17- 1) The experience of shape and residue of each letter. 2) The knowledge of the order and direction of the cam strokes used in making garner. 3) The knowledge of the general composition of letters. 4) The knowledge of rules for combining letters into words and words into sentences.Q18 What is earn? Ans18 The art of writing the alphabets A, B, C,. Z and numbers such as 1, 2, 30 etc. is known as lettering. Q19 What do you mean by composition of letters? Ans19 The composition means the composing of letters into words and words into sentences. The letters are so arranged that the abrupt area between two letters of a word appears equal to the eye judgement. Q20 What do you mean by uniformity of letters? Ans20 The uniformity of lettering means keeping the height, intent, spacing and strength of letters to be uniform. It is very essential for good lettering in engineering drawing.Q21 What do you mean by normal, compressed and extended lettering? Ans21 Normal lettering The normal lettering have normal height and breadth and are used for general purposes. The width of the normal letter is about 0. 67 times of the height of the letter. Compressed lettering The compressed lettering are those which are written in the stipulate space. These are used when the space is limited. The widths of the condensed letters are less than height. Extended lettering The extended lettering are those which are wider than noramal letters but of the same height.Q22 What are the guidelines and why they are necessary in lettering? Ans22- The lines which are used to regulate the height and inclination to the letters and numerals are known as guidelines. These are to be drawn at random. The guidelines are used to regulate the uniformity of the letters. Q23 What do you mean by single stroke letters? Ans 23- one stroke letters means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. virtuoso stroke letters are of two types. 1) Vertical 2) Inclined (75deg. With horizontal) Q24 What is the gothic and roman lettering?Ans24 Gothic lettering The lettering in which all the alphabets are of uniform width or thi ckness is known as gothic lettering. It can be dual-lane into following groups. (i) Vertical or Upright vertical gothic lettering (ii) Inclined or Italic gothic lettering Roman lettering The lettering in which all the alphabets are composed of thick and thin elements is known as roman lettering and can either be vertical or tend. Q25 What do you mean by freehand lettering? Ans25 The art of writing the alphabets without the use of drawing instrument is called freehand lettering. The freehand lettering is of the following types. a) Vertical or upright freehand gothic lettering. (i) Single stroke vertical freehand gothic lettering. (ii) Lowercase vertical freehand gothic lettering. (b) Inclined or italic freehand gothic lettering. (iii) Single stroke italic freehand gothic lettering. (iv) Lower case italic freehand gothic lettering. Q26 What should be the grade of pencil used for lettering? Ans26 HB and H grade pencils sharpened to a conical point should be used for lettering. To keep the stroke of the letters uniform, the pencils should be rotated between the thumb and fingers while lettering. Hard pencils such as 2H or 3H should be used to draw guidelines.Q27 What is the importance of dimensioning? Ans27-1) Dimensioning expresses all the sizes and other information necessary to unsex the object. 2) It must be done with due regard to manufacturing processes and inspection requirements. 3) The dimensioning also includes expression of tolerances necessary for the correct functioning of the part given to be assembled. Q28 What is dimensioning? Ans28 The art of writing the various sizes or measurements on the finished drawing of an object is known as dimensioning. Q29 What do you understand by the shape notation of dimensioning? Ans29 The notation of dimensioning consists of dimension lines, extension lines, arrow heads, dimension shapes, notes, symbols etc. Q30 What is a leader or pointer line? How a leader should be drawn? Ans30 A leader is a thin c ontinuous line drawn from note of the figure to show where it applies. It is terminated by an arrow head or a dot. The arrow head touches the outline, whereas the dot is placed within the outline of the object. The leader is generally drawn at any convenient tend, usually 30? , 45? , and 60? but not less than 30?. Q31 Explain with the help of a simple sketch (i) size dimensions (ii) location dimensions.Ans31 Size dimension The dimensions which indicate the various sizes of the object such as length, breadth, diameter etc. are known as size dimensions. These dimensions are represented by letter S. Figure. Location dimension The dimensions which locate the position of one feature w. r. t. the other feature are known as location dimensions. Distances between the centre lines of the holes from the edges are given by location dimensions. These dimensions are marked by letter L. Figure. Q32 What are the aligned system and unidirectional system of dimensioning? OrWhat are the differe nt methods of dimensioning? Ans32-1) Aligned Method In aligned system, the dimensions shall be placed parallel to and above the dimension lines, preferably in the middle and not by interrupting the dimension lines. Here the dimensions can be read from the bottom or from the right side of the drawing. Figure. 2) unifacial Method In this system dimensions shall be horizontally placed so that they can be read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Here the dimension lines may be interrupted preferably near the middle for the insertion of dimensions. Figure.Q33 What are the general rules of dimensioning? Ans33-1) Every dimension must be given, but no single dimension should be repeated. 2) Dimensions should be placed outside the views. 3) Avoid dimensioning to hidden lines wherever possible. 4) Dimension lines should not cross any other line of the drawing. 5) Aligned system of dimensioning is recommended. Q34 Explain with simple sketches, the methods of dimensioning (i) castes (i i) radii (iii) inclines (iv) spherical shapes (v) holes. Ans34 Q35 Explain with the help of sketches (i) chain dimensioning (ii) parallel dimensioning and (iii) feature dimensioning.Ans35 Chain Dimensioning In this system, dimensions are arranged in a straight line. Figure. Parallel dimensioning In this arrangement, all the dimensions are given from common base line. The smaller dimensions are placed nearer the view and the larger further away so that the extension lines do not cross dimensions lines. Figure. combine dimensioning Combined dimensioning is the result of the simultaneous use of chain and parallel dimensioning. Figure. Q36 What is a scale? Ans36-A scale is defined as the proportion by which we either reduce or increases the genuine size of the object on a drawing. ) Full size scale-The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are drawn to same size on the drawing is known as full size scale. 2) Reducing scale The scale in which the actual measure ments of the object are reduced to some proportion is known as reducing scale. 3) Enlarging scale The scale in which the actual measurements of the object are increase to some proportion is known as enlarging scale. Q37 What is the representative fraction (R. F. ) or scale factor (S. F. )? Ans37-The ratio of the drawing size of an object to its actual size is called the Representative fraction.R. F. = Dimension of an object on sheet / Actual dimension of an object Q38 What are the main uses of scale? Ans38 The following are the main uses of scale in engineering practice. (i) The scales are used to prepare reduced or enlarged size drawings. (ii) The scales are used to set off dimensions. (iii) The scales are used to measure distances directly. Q39 What are the information necessary for scale? Ans39 To construct a scale, the following informations are necessary. (i) The representative fraction (R. F. ) of the scale. (ii) The units to be presented either in metric function or Br itish measures. iii) The maximum length of the scale. Q40 What is difference between plane scale and diagonal scale? Ans40-Plain Scale-A plain scale is simply a line which is divided into a suitable number of equal parts, the first of which is further sub-divided into small parts. It is used to represent either two units or a unit and its fraction such as km and hm, m and dm, etc. Diagonal Scale- A diagonal scale is used when very second distances such as 0. 1 mm etc. are to be accurately measured or when measurements are required in three units for congresswoman dm, cm, and mm. Q41 What is the principle of a diagonal scale?Ans41 The principle of diagonal scale is to divide a short line into any number of equal parts by following the diagonal divisions method of construction. Q42 What is the difference between a quad and a polygon? Ans42 Quadrilateral A quadrilateral is a plane figure delimited by four straight lines and containing four angles. Polygon A polygon is a plan e figure bounded by more than four straight lines and containing more than four angles. Q43 What is the difference between a parallelogram and a rhombus? Ans43 Parallelogram A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which the opposite sides are equal and parallel.Rhombus A rhombus is a quadrilateral in which all the sides are equal and the angles are not right angles. However, in this case the opposite angles are equal. Q44 What is the difference between regular and irregular polygons? Ans44 Regular polygon A regular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are equal. Irregular polygon An irregular polygon is a plane figure in which all the sides and angles are not equal. Q45 Name the principal planes of projections. Ans45-There is two planes employed for projection and are known as reference planes or principle planes of projections.These planes thwart at right angles to each other. These are 1) Vertical plane The plane which is vertical is called vertical plane and is denoted by V. P. Vertical plane is also known as Frontal Plane as front view is projected on this plane. 2) Horizontal plane-The plane which is horizontal and at right angle to the V. P is called Horizontal Plane and it is denoted by H. P. Q46- What is the principle of projection? Ans46-If straight lines are drawn from various points on the contours of an object to meet a plane, the object is said to be projected on that plane.The figure formed by joining in correct sequence the points at which these lines meet the planes is called the projection of the object. Q47 What is ground line (G. L. ) or crosswalk or reference line? Ans47-The line of intersection of two principle planes of projections i. e. VP and HP is called reference or intersection or ground line and is denoted by x-y line. Q48 What is an adjuvant view? Ans48-The view obtained on the auxiliary plane which is parallel to the inclined surface of an object is called auxiliary view. Q49 What do you underst and by absent lines?Ans49 The lines which are added in the given orthographic projection in order to complete the drawing of an object are called missing lines. Q50 What do you understand by missing views? Ans50 The view which is added in the given orthographic projections in order to complete the drawing of an object is called missing views. Q51 What is a sectional view? Why sectional views are used in drawing? Ans51 The view obtained after cutting the object in order to show the inner details by an complex quantity cutting plane is known as sectional view. ingrediental views are used in drawing to show the interior details of the object, which are not gross to the observer from outside. Q52 What is a cutting plane or section plane? Ans52- The imaginary plane by which the object is assumed to be cut is called the cutting plane or sectional plane. They may be perpendicular or parallel to one of the principle planes and either perpendicular or inclined to the other plane. The se planes are represented by their traces. Q53 What are section or hatching lines? Ans53 The lines used to represent the material which has been cut by the cutting plane are called section lines.They are also called hatchings or crosshatchings. These are equally spaced lines inclined at 45? to the horizontal. Q54 What do you mean by sections of firms? Ans54 the solids which are cut by the section planes to visualize the internal constructional details of the invisible features are known as section of solids. Q55 What is apparent section? Ans55- The projection of the section on the plane to which it is inclined is called as apparent section. Q56 What is true section? Ans56- The projection of the section on a plane parallel to the plane will show the true shape of the section.Q57 How will you classify sections of solids? Or What are the different positions of a section plane w. r. t. two reference lines? Or What are the types of sections of solids? Ans57- 1) Section of solids obtained by horizontal planes. 2) Section of solids obtained by vertical planes. 3) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary inclined planes. 4) Section of solids obtained by auxiliary vertical planes. 5) Section of solids obtained by profile plane. Q58 What do you understand by V. T. and H. T. of section plane? Ans58 Horizontal trace (H. T) H. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the H.P. Vertical trace (V. T. ) V. T. of a section plane is a line in which the plane meets the V. P. Q59 What do you mean by Frustum? Ans59 When the section plane is parallel to the base plane of a cone or pyramid, it will form a frustum. Q60 What do you mean by truncated? Ans60 When the section plane is inclined to the base plane of a solid, it will form a truncated. Q61 What do you understand by intersection of surfaces? Ans61 The lines or curves which are formed when surfaces of two solids intersect with each other are known as intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids.Q62 What are the lines or curve of intersection or interpenetration? Ans62- When a solid penetrates into another solid, their surfaces meet in a line called the line or curve of intersection or interpenetration. Q63 Give the practical applications of the intersection of surfaces or interpenetration of solids. Ans63- It is used in (i) sheet metal shop (ii) pipe fittings (iii) boiler fittings (iv) aeroplane construction (e. g. wings, fuse lags etc. ) (v) Automobile layout works (e. g. body wheel house, chairs etc. Q64 Name the methods of plotting the lines of intersection or inter-penetration of solids? Ans64- 1) Line method or piercing point method 2) Cutting plane method Q65- How will you classify the intersecting surfaces? Ans65-1) the intersection of plane surfaces 2) The intersection of two curved surfaces 3) The intersection of a plane surface and a curved surface Q66 What do you mean by knowledge of surfaces? Ans66- A layout of the complete surface of a three di mensional object on a plane surface is called its education or pattern. Q67- What is stretch out or girth line?Ans67- The stretch out or girth line is the length of the pattern or development and is given by the perimeter of the object measured in a plane at right angles to the axis. This term is used in patterns of objects having a ageless cross section for their full length. e. g. prisms and cylinders. Q68 What is the principle of development? Ans68 The development is based on the principle which indicates that every line on the development must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object for which development is required. Q69 What are the different methods of development of surfaces?Ans69- 1) Parallel line development 2) radial tire line development 3) Triangulation development 4) Approximate method Q70 Why the true lengths of slant edges are unconquerable? Ans70 The true length of slant edges are determined because every line on the dev elopment must show the true length of the corresponding line on the surface of the object to be developed. Q71 What are the applications of development of surfaces? Ans71- It is used in the fabrication of simple to highly complicated shapes from flat surfaces in sheet metal shops, in the construction of boilers, pattern making, tunnels, buckets, chimney etc.Q72 What is a point? Ans72 A point is that which has simply position but no magnitude. It is generally represented by a very small circle or dot. Q73 What do you mean by octants? Ans73 When the three planes i. e. H. P. , V. P. and P. P. divide the entire space into eight quadrants, then these quadrants are known as octants. Q74 What is the difference between first angle and ternion angle projection? Which angle projection is recommended by B. I. S. now a days? Or What are the types of orthographic projections? Ans74-First angle projection-In this projection the object is assumed to be ituated in first quadrant, i. e. in f ront of V. P and above HP the projections obtained on these planes is called first angle projection. The symbol for the first angle projection is Figure. Third angle projection In this Projection the object is assumed to be situated in the third quadrant that is below HP and behind VP . The front view comes below the XY line and the apex view above it. The symbol for the third angle projection is Now a day we are working with first angle projection because it is recommended by the B. I. S and it is adopted by almost all the countries of the area since 1983.Figure. Q75 Why the projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants? Ans75 The projections of an object is not drawn in second and fourth quadrants because the overlapping will take place. It will become very difficult to understand the views. Q76 When the auxiliary planes are used? Ans76 The auxiliary planes are used in order to view the true shape of an inclined surface. The projection drawn on the au xiliary plane is known as the auxiliary view and gives the true shape of the inclined surface. Q77 What are the types of auxiliary planes?Ans77-The plane placed at any angles to the principle planes is called auxiliary plane. Auxiliary planes are of two types. 1) Auxiliary vertical plane (A. V. P. )-It is perpendicular to the HP and inclined to the VP. Projection on an AVP is called auxiliary front view. 2) Auxiliary inclined plane (A. I. P. )-It is perpendicular to the VP and inclined to the HP. Projection on AIP is called auxiliary top view. Q78 Define a straight line. Ans78 A straight line is defined as the shortest distance between the two points. Q79- What is true length of a line? Ans79-When a straight line is inclined to one plane and parallel to the ther, its projections on the plane to which it is parallel will show its true length. Q80 What do you mean by projections of a straight line? Ans80-To draw the front view, top view and side view of a straight line is called p rojection of a straight line. Q81- What is inclination of a straight line? Ans81-It is defined as the angle which the line makes with the plane. As such a line has two inclinations i. e. inclination with the HP is represented by an angle and inclination of a line with VP is represented by an angle . Q82 What are the apparent angles of inclinations?Ans82 The angle made by the front view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. The angle made by the top view of a line with reference line (x-y line) is called apparent angle of inclination ?. Q83 Name the methods to determine the true length and true inclinations of a straight line. Ans83-The following methods are used when the line is inclined to both the reference planes. 1) Rotation method 2) Auxiliary plane method 3) Trapezoid method. Q84 What are skew lines? Ans84-Any two lines that are not parallel with each other and do not intersect are called skew lines.Q85 What is the trace of a straight line? Ans85-When a straight line is inclined to a plane, it will meet that plane, produced if necessary. The point in which the line or line produced meets the plane is called its trace. 1) Horizontal trace-The point of intersection of the line with the HP is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace-The point of intersection of the line with the VP is called the vertical trace. Q86 Define a plane. Ans86-A flat surface generated by go a straight line in space is called a plane. A plane fig. has only two dimensions i. e. length and breadth.Q87 What is the difference between a plane and a lamina? Ans87-Plane-A plane has no boundary and it extends to infinity in all directions. Lamina-The plane which has limited extent is also known as lamina. Q88 What are the types of planes? Ans88-There are two types of planes. 1) Perpendicular planes-The planes which are perpendicular to one or both the reference i. e. VP and HP are called perpendicular planes. 2) Oblique planes-T he planes which are inclined to both the reference planes i. e. VP and HP are called oblique planes. Q89 What is the trace of a plane?Ans89-The lines in which the planes meet the reference planes i. e. HP and VP are called the traces of the planes. There are two types of traces of planes. 1) Horizontal trace-The intersection of a plane with the horizontal plane is called the horizontal trace. 2) Vertical trace-The intersection of a plane with the vertical plane is called the vertical trace. Q90 What is a solid? Ans90 An object having three dimensions i. e. length, breadth and height is called a solid. E. g. Prisms, Pyramids, cone, cylinder etc. Q91 What are different types of solids? Ans91- Solids may be divided into two main groups. ) Polyhedra or polyhedron A polyhedra is defined as a solid bounded by planes called faces. Which meet in straight lines called edges? 2) Solids of revolution The solids which are formed by the revolution of plane figures are known as solids of re volution. e. g. Cylinders, cones, sphere etc. Q92- What are right solids? Ans92- A solid is said to be a right solid if its axis is perpendicular to its base or its end faces. Q93 What are oblique solids? Ans93- If the axis of a solid is inclined at an angle other than 90? to its base or end faces, it is called as an oblique solid. Q94- What are regular solids?Ans94- If all the edges of the base or the end faces of a solid are equal in length and form regular plane figures, it is said to be a regular solid. Q95 What is the difference between prism and pyramid? Ans95- 1) Prism- A prism is a polygon having two equal and similar end faces, called bases, parallel to each other and joined by other side faces which are rectangles or parallelograms. 2) Pyramid A pyramid is a polyhedron, having a polygon as its base and a number of angular faces, equal to the number of sides of the base polygon, meeting at a common point called the apex or vertex.Q96 What are the various positions whic h a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes? Ans96 The following are the different positions which a solid can take w. r. t. the reference planes. (i) The solid resting on base on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to H. P. , and parallel to V. P. (ii) The solid resting on face on H. P. , with its axis perpendicular to V. P. , and parallel to H. P. (iii) The solids resting on face on H. P. , with its axis parallel to H. P. and V. P. (iv) The solid with its axis inclined to one plane and parallel to the other. v) The solid with its axis inclined to both the reference planes i. e. , H. P. and V. P. Q97-What is an isometric view? Ans97- If the projection of an object is so drawn that all the three axis of the object are equally inclined to the plane of projection then it is called an isometric view. Q98- What is an isometric scale? Ans98- The proportion by which the actual length is converted to isometric length is called as isometric scale. Q99 What are isometric axis? Ans99 The three lines OA, OB and OC meeting at a point and making 120? ngles with each other are termed as isometric axis. Q100- What are isometric and non isometric lines? Ans100- The lines which are parallel to isometric axis are called as isometric lines. The lines which are not parallel to isometric axis are called non isometric lines. Q101 What are iso-metric planes? Ans101 The planes representing the faces of an isometric view of the blocking as well as the other planes parallel to these planes are called isometric planes. Q102 Give the various positions of isometric axis. Ans102 The various positions of isometric axis are as follows. Figure.